The team behind the tool shared a document that explains the overall design of Godot.
You can also ask the team about anything if you need something to be explained further.
Here is a small piece of the document:
The default VisualServer implementation in Godot is VisualServerRaster, which is a Visual Server designed for rastering. This implementation handles spatial indexing of objects and, every frame, building a render list of objects drawn. It also handles the pairing of objects (lights to geometry, GI to geometry and lights, etc).
Rastering is done via another opaque interface, Rasterizer, which in Godot 3.0, was further optimized to take batches of objects instead of having to call one by one to render (which hurts performance).
Godot’s rasterizer implementation is also considerably high level. We know it would probably be easier to just abstract a low level drawing API like OpenGL or Direct3D (or use open APIs, such as BGFX). However, this makes our work more complex in the long run.
The reason for this is that, when supporting multiple backends, different techniques may also need to be supported. For example:
Make sure to read the full guide here.