Developer SimonPiCarter shared his progress on an edge detection system using the compositor in Godot 4.5, marking just the first working iteration. If you're interested in the toon shader, you can check out Eduardo Maciel Bueno's tutorial for it.
Some additional details about this project can be found in the original Reddit thread. For those interested in an example of a similar effect without using the compositor, the developer has written an article here: